{"id":3060,"date":"2026-11-13T13:27:46","date_gmt":"2026-11-13T05:27:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/how-to-specify-twin-screw-extruder-l-d-ratio-by-formulation\/"},"modified":"2026-11-13T13:27:46","modified_gmt":"2026-11-13T05:27:46","slug":"twin-screw-extruder-ld-ratio","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/knowledge\/twin-screw-extruder-ld-ratio\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 L\/D \u0644\u0628\u0627\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"k3\">\n<div class=\"wrap\"><div class=\"crumbs\"><a href=\"\/ar\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><span>\/<\/span><a href=\"\/ar\/knowledge\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/a><span>\/<\/span><a href=\"\/knowledge\/machines-selection\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/a><span>\/<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 L\/D<\/div><\/div><div class=\"wrap\"><div class=\"hero\">\n<p class=\"kicker\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u00b7 9 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/p>\n<h1>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 L\/D \u0644\u0628\u0627\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/h1>\n<p class=\"dek\">L\/D \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 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2026<\/div><div><b>\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647<\/b>  \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a Kerke<\/div><div><b>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/b>  \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c 2023\u20132026<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\"><div class=\"grid\"><main>\n\n<p class=\"lead\"><b>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631:<\/b>  \u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 PP \u0623\u0648 PE\u060c \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a 32\u201336 L\/D \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0648 40\u201344 L\/D \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0648 48\u201352 L\/D \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064e\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u061b \u0648 56\u201360 L\/D \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0642 60 L\/D \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n<nav class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block k3-toc\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><b>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629:<\/b><a href=\"#rm-s1\">L\/D \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/a><a href=\"#rm-s2\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0644 4 L\/D<\/a><a href=\"#rm-s3\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 52 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0646 44<\/a><a href=\"#rm-s4\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 L\/D<\/a><a href=\"#rm-s5\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><\/nav>\n\n<h2 class=\"sec\" id=\"rm-s1\">L\/D \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0634\u063a\u0651\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0631\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 4 \u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 300\u2013800 \u0644\u0641\u0629\/\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0643 \u2014 \u0641\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 75 \u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 95 \u0645\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 L\/D \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"tw\"><table>\n<caption><b>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1.<\/b>  \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 L\/D \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/caption>\n<thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 L\/D<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>PE\/PP + 1\u20133% \u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u060c \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td><td class=\"num\">1<\/td><td class=\"num\">0\u20131<\/td><td class=\"num\">32\u201336<\/td><td>\u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>PE\/PP + 5\u201315% \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642<\/td><td class=\"num\">2<\/td><td class=\"num\">1<\/td><td class=\"num\">40\u201344<\/td><td>\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0651<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0634\u0648\u060c 20\u201340% CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>\/\u062a\u0644\u0643<\/td><td class=\"num\">2\u20133<\/td><td class=\"num\">1\u20132<\/td><td class=\"num\">44\u201348<\/td><td>\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634 \u062d\u0634\u0648\u060c 70\u201385% CaCO<sub>3<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"num\">2\u20133<\/td><td class=\"num\">2<\/td><td class=\"num\">48\u201352<\/td><td>\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>PA\/PBT \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c 20\u201335% \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641<\/td><td class=\"num\">2\u20133<\/td><td class=\"num\">1\u20132<\/td><td class=\"num\">48\u201356<\/td><td>\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0651<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \/ \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/td><td class=\"num\">3+<\/td><td class=\"num\">2+<\/td><td class=\"num\">52\u201360<\/td><td>\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"sec\" id=\"rm-s2\">\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0644 4 L\/D \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a 44 \u0645\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a 44 \u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0644 4 D \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629:<\/p>\n<div class=\"tw\"><table>\n<caption><b>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2.<\/b>  \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0644 4 D (\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a 40\u201360 L\/D).<\/caption>\n<thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"num\">4\u20136 D<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/td><td>\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064d\u0651 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 &lt; 0.35 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645\u00b3<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"num\">6\u20138 D<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/td><td>\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u062c\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"num\">4\u20138 D<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/td><td>\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0646 30\u00b0\/60\u00b0\/90\u00b0\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"num\">4\u20136 D<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c<\/td><td>\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0651 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"num\">4\u20136 D<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"num\">4\u20136 D<\/td><td>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td><td>\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062e\u0646\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u00ab48 L\/D\u00bb \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 8 D \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 8 D \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"sec\" id=\"rm-s3\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 52 L\/D \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0646 44 L\/D<\/h2>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 52 L\/D \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 65 \u0645\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f 700 \u0643\u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u06408 D \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 4\u20136 \u0643\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0644\u0641:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/b>  \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/b>  \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u064090 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u062f 150 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/b>  \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064e\u064a \u062d\u0634\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644) \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637: \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064b\u0627\u00bb \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"sec\" id=\"rm-s4\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 L\/D \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0648 L\/D \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 L\/D \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629\u061f<\/b>  \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/b>  \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 48 L\/D \u0628\u064012 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 48 L\/D \u0628\u064010 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 L\/D\u061f<\/b>  \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f 1,200 \u0644\u0641\u0629\/\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 60 L\/D \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/b>  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"sec\" id=\"rm-s5\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n<details open><summary>\u0647\u0644 L\/D \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627\u061f<\/summary><p>\u0644\u0627. \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a 40 L\/D \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a 6 D \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a 56 L\/D \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 12 D \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644.<\/p><\/details>\n<details><summary>\u0623\u064a L\/D \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0640 PP \u0645\u062d\u0634\u0648 \u0628\u064030% \u062a\u0644\u0643\u061f<\/summary><p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 44\u201348 L\/D \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064e\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 1\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a 44 L\/D \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 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\u0648\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 25\u201340% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0645 L\/D \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647.<\/p><\/details>\n<details><summary>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 L\/D \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/summary><p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631. L\/D \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 L\/D \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p><\/details>\n<details><summary>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 L\/D \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/summary><p>\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0623\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0637\u00b7\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\/\u0643\u062c\u0645) \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 L\/D \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f 60 L\/D \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p><\/details>\n\n<div class=\"method\"><h2 id=\"rm-s6\">\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n<p>\u062c\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a L\/D \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 Kerke \u0628\u064a\u0646 2023 \u0648 2026 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a KTE 27 \u0625\u0644\u0649 KTE 95\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0633\u0648. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0634\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 25\u201350 \u0643\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/main><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\"><section class=\"k3-more\" id=\"rm-more\"><h2>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 L\/D \u0644\u0628\u0627\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/h2><figure class=\"k3-fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/kte-65b-co-rotating-twin-screw-extruder-01-1200.webp\" alt=\"\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f L\/D\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\"><figcaption>\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a KTE\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u2014 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 4 D<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0639\u064f\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0644 4 D\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 L\/D \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u2014 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643.<\/p><p class=\"k3-rel\"><b>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639:<\/b> <a href=\"\/knowledge\/twin-screw-extruder-venting-position\/\">\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"\/knowledge\/twin-screw-extruder-feeding-throughput\/\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"\/ar\/machines\/co-rotating-twin-screw-extruder\/\">\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"\/ar\/get-a-quote\/\">\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twin-screw_extruder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627: \u0628\u0627\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c<\/a><\/p><\/section><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is a higher L\/D always better for mixing?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No. Mixing quality is set by the kneading elements and the number of passes over them, not by total length. A 40 L\/D screw with a well-placed 6 D dispersive section mixes better than a 56 L\/D screw with the same kneaders spread thin over 12 D of conveying.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What L\/D do I need for 30% talc-filled PP?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Normally 44\u201348 L\/D with two feed points: polymer at barrel 1, talc side-fed after the melt seal, one atmospheric vent and optionally one vacuum vent before the die. Below 44 L\/D the vent usually ends up too close to the side feed to hold a stable seal.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can I add L\/D later by bolting on barrels?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Only if the machine was designed for it. Extension requires a longer shaft, a longer barrel stack, additional heating zones and a gearbox with reserve torque. Retrofits exist but cost 25\u201340% of a new processing section; decide the L\/D before the order.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does L\/D affect energy consumption?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Indirectly. Longer screws add drive and heating load but also allow gentler mixing at lower speed. Specific energy usually improves with proper L\/D up to a point, then flattens; beyond 60 L\/D the curve typically turns upward because conveying losses grow.\"}}]}]}<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 L\/D \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u00b7 9 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 L\/D \u0644\u0628\u0627\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 L\/D \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 L\/D \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0648\u062e\u064b\u0627. [&#8230;]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3051,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-blank.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"application":[],"app_group":[],"class_list":["post-3060","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3060","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3060"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3060\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3060"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"application","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/application?post=3060"},{"taxonomy":"app_group","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kerkepm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/app_group?post=3060"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}